Cast & Crew

Directed by

Kyle Balda
Pierre Coffin
Eric Guillon
(co-director)

Writing Credits

Cinco Paul
(written by) &
Ken Daurio
(written by)

Cast

Steve Carell
Gru / Dru (voice)
Kristen Wiig
Lucy
Trey Parker
Balthazar Bratt
Miranda Cosgrove
Margo
Dana Gaier
Edith
Nhev Scharrel
Agnes
Pierre Coffin
Minions / Museum Director / Additional Voices (voice)
Steve Coogan
Fritz / Silas Ramsbottom (voice)
Julie Andrews
Gru's Mom
Jenny Slate
Valerie Da Vinci
Michael Beattie
TV Show Host / Scar-Faced Man (voice)
Andy Nyman
Clive the Robot
Adrian Ciscato
Niko
Brian T. Delaney
Commercial Announcer / Military Officer / Additional Voices (voice)
Katia Saponenko
Niko's Mother
Ken Daurio
Celebrity
Jude Alpers
Commercial Kid
Cory Walls
Vincenzo
Sophie M. Siadatpour
Little Girl
Lori Alan
Additional Voices
Carlos Alazraqui
Additional Voices
Kyle Balda
Additional Voices
Bob Bergen
Additional Voices
Gregg Berger
Additional Voices
John Cygan
Additional Voices
Bill Farmer
Additional Voices
Danny Mann
Additional Voices
Stephanie De Meautis
Additional Voices
Bruno Dequier
Additional Voices
Teresa Ganzel
Additional Voices
Jess Harnell
Additional Voices
John Kassir
Additional Voices
Mona Marshall
Additional Voices
Laraine Newman
Additional Voices
Jan Rabson
Additional Voices
Mindy Sterling
Additional Voices
Tara Strong
Additional Voices
Jim Ward
Additional Voices

Produced by

Janet Healy
producer (p.g.a.)
Brett Hoffman
associate producer
Christopher Meledandri
producer (as Chris Meledandri) (p.g.a.)
Chris Renaud
executive producer
Robert Taylor
associate producer

Music by

Heitor Pereira
(score by)
Pharrell Williams
(original songs and themes by)

Editing by

Claire Dodgson

Art Direction by

Olivier Adam

Production Management

Lia Abbate
associate production manager: editorial
Loni J. Albertson
production supervisor: Marketing, Custom Animation
Jeannine Berger
post-production supervisor
Renata Chuquer
production manager
Rafael Curulla
senior shot finaling production supervisor
Eileen Godoy
assistant post-production supervisor
Elizabeth Malpelli
story production supervisor
Dave Rosenbaum
production executive & story supervisor
Gaëlle Santamarta
Associate Production Manager
Alexandra Skinazi
sets production supervisor
Jessica Stone
Art Production Supervisor
Marlene Thomas
layout production supervisor
Nathalie Vancauwenberghe
production supervisor

Art Department

Marco Allard
storyboard artist
Camille Andre
color artist
Cinzia Angelini
storyboard artist
Nima Azarba
storyboard artist
Guy Bar'ely
storyboard artist
Justine Bonnard
storyboard artist
Cécile Carre
art department intern
Jerod Chirico
storyboard artist
Frédérick Alves Cunha
character sculptor
Eric Delbecq
storyboard artist
Jérémie Droulers
sculptor
David Feiss
additional storyboard artist
Guillaume Fesquet
visual development artist
Ludovic Gavillet
color artist
Gregory Georges
color designer
Arska Gosia
color artist
Matthieu Gosselin
set designer
Charlotte Hutchinson
set designer
Lewie Kerr
storyboard artist
Mark Koetsier
additional storyboard artist
Serguei Kouchnerov
storyboard artist
Claire Lentz
color artist
Habib Louati
storyboard artist
Glenn McCoy
additional storyboard artist
Borja Montoro
visual development
Patrick Muylkens
color designer
Matthew Nealon
storyboard artist
Brett Nystul
visual development
Thomas Reteuna
set designer
Edwin Rhemrev
set designer
Nölwenn Roberts
storyboard artist
Jessica Stone
art production supervisor
Darren Webb
storyboard artist
Myke Bakich
storyboard artist (uncredited)
Mark Lambert Bristol
storyboard artist (uncredited)
Elsa Garagarza
additional storyboard artist (uncredited)
Chong Lee
additional storyboard artist (uncredited)
Frank Lintzen
story artist (uncredited)
Julien Perron
storyboard artist (uncredited)
C. Raggio
storyboard artist (uncredited)
Stephen Sandoval
additional storyboard artist (uncredited)
Adam Van Wyk
storyboard artist (uncredited)
Michael Wetterhahn
storyboard artist (uncredited)
Josh Zinman
storyboard artist (uncredited)

Sound Department

Scott Brewer
engineering services
Dustin Capulong
assistant re-recording mixer
Greg Crawford
original dialogue mixer
Scott Curtis
foley mixer
Mitch Dorf
adr mixer
Nathan Dubin
sound recordist
Danielle Dupre
assistant re-recording mixer
Danny Ferraro
sound recordist
Christopher Flick
foley supervisor
Richard Gould
foley editor
Jonathan Greber
assistant supervising sound editor
Matthew Hartman
dialogue supervisor
Gianfranco Hidalgo
assistant engineer
Nick Jimenez
original dialogue recordist
Leilani Jones
audio description narrator
Mark Kenna
dolby atmos consultant
Dennis Leonard
supervising sound editor
Michael Levine
audio/video transfer
Scott Levine
engineering services
Zach Martin
assistant sound editor
Michael Miller
original dialogue mixer
Tim Nielsen
additional re-recording mixer / sound designer / supervising sound editor
Ivan Piesh
digital editorial support
Brandon Proctor
re-recording mixer
Shelley Roden
foley artist (as Shelly Roden)
John Roesch
foley artist
Roger Sacdalan
mix technician: theatrical trailer (as Roger J. Sacdalan)
Mac Smith
sound effects editor
Carlos Sotolongo
original dialogue mixer
Edward Sutton
adr recordist
Pedro Sánchez Alonso
sound
Randy Thom
re-recording mixer
Wouter van Herwerden
original dialogue mixer
Paul Williams
foreign re-recording mixer
Andre Zweers
sound effects editor (as Andre J.H. Zweers)
Christopher Flick
foley editor (uncredited)
Evan J Haley
sound designer: D-Box Technologies (uncredited)
Matthew Hartman
dialogue editor (uncredited)
Marius Heuser
re-recording mixer: FLVs Auro-3D (uncredited)
Bill Higley
adr mixer (uncredited)
Edgar Meza
engineering services (uncredited)
David Peifer
digital editorial support (uncredited)

Special Effects by

Simon Popot
special effects
Hassan Bensmaine
special effects (uncredited)

Visual Effects by

Jill Ambrosino
previsualization producer
Julia André
lighting artist
Frank Baradat
computer graphics supervisor
Brian Baxter
surfacing artist
Xavier Bec
head of rendering research: research & development
Djelloul Bekri
visual effects artist
Hassan Bensmaine
character rigging
John R.A. Benson
stereoscopic supervisor
Carriere Bertrand
digital artist
Florian Bestel
Compositing co-supervisor
Vincent Blanqué
senior lighting artist
Sandra Boucher
lighting artist
Alexandre Bourlet
character modeler
Francois Boussard
visual effects
Nicolas Brack
lighting and compositing supervisor
Cédric Burkarth
Lighting Lead
Sébastien Camrrubi
character modeling
Eric Carme
visual effects artist
Matteo Caruso
lighting & composite artist
Riccardo Cecchinato
lighting artist
Carole Chanal
environment artist & digital matte painter
Cédric Chapeleau
technical director
Camille Charpigny
compositor
Bruno Chauffard
computer graphics supervisor
Baptiste Chauveau
digital compositor
Theo Christophe
visual effects artist
Carmen Cones
lighting artist
Anne Coulet
character surfacing
Rudyard Cretenet
digital compositor
Lionel Cuendet
lighting lead
Clement Darbois
Lead Compositing Artist
Axelle De Cooman
visual effects
Clément Delatre
compositing artist
Nelson Dos Santos
visual effects artist
Christophe-Olivier Dupuis
staffing manager
Samantha Duris
texturing & shading
Vivien Ebran
compositing artist
Rodrigue El Hajj
visual effects artist
Thomas Faroy
compositing artist
Melissa Faucher
software engineer
Félix Ferrand
character modeler facial rigger
Thomas Foncelle
lead render wrangler
Ben Fournet
visual effects
Julien Frantz
lead research and development engineer
Jade Gachet
visual effects artist
Laura Giardini
set modeler
Simon Gobbi
Character fx Setup
Sergio Juan Gomez
visual effects artist
Pablo Gotor
digital compositor
Erwin Gresser
compositing artist
Ali Hamdan
senior character technical director
Vincent Haumont
character effects animator
Diana Hentulescu
visual effects senior production supervisor
Leslie Herbert
key lighting artist
Kévin Herbrich
character modeling
Pierre Herzig
character effects animator
Tristan Hocquet
lead compositing artist
John Hreich
key lighting artist
Annie Hua
lighting artist
Jean-Marc Imele
rigging artist
Mathieu Jordan
lead effects technical director
Eric Joubin
digital compositor
Laperdrix Julien
digital compositor
Sophie Kavouridis
visual effects artist
Rim Khayat
character modeling
Mathieu Krysztoforski
lighting artist
Elodie Labbe
senior lighting artist
Vanessa Lamblet
digital artist
Marc Lamorille
visual effects artist
Cedric Launay
lighting artist
Erwann Le Faou
lead compositor
Gwendoline Lebnouj
creature fx
Benjamin Lebourgeois
set surfacing
Yannick Lecoffre
senior lighting artist
Loïc Lecygne
key compositing artist
Catherine Catie Lee
lighting artist
Benoit Lepage
senior research & development engineer
François-Xavier Lepeintre
visual effects
Lionel Leriche
visual effects artist
Anne-Claire Leroux
character surfacing artist
David Liebard
rigging technical director
Pierre Lopes
visual effects
Adrien Lourdelle
lead effects technical director
Frédéric Mainil
fur and hair artist
Aubin Mangeot
digital compositor
Emilio Mansilla
lighting artist
Mika Margolles
visual effects artist
Alexandre Marlier
compositor: Illumination Mac Guff
Matthieu Martiny
lighting artist
Corentin Maudhuit
technical director
Eric Mauhourat
senior character technical director
Dridi Mehdi
visual effects artist
Thomas Metais
lead research & development engineer
Julian Mifsud
lighting artist
Jay Natrajan
visual effects artist
Nicolas Nepveu
lighting/compositing production supervisor
Tom O'Bready
visual effects artist
Johanna Olombel
digital compositor
Helene Ourabah
set and props modeler
Brian Padilla
digital compositor
David Pelle
assistant computer graphics supervisor
Pablo Penchansky
visual effects artist
Huan Phan
previsualization lead artist
Arthur Philippe
character effects lead
Benoit Philippon
stereoscopic compositing supervisor
Joel Pinto
visual effects artist
Massimiliano Piscozzi
senior research & development engineer
Eric Placoly
senior software developer
Jérome Ponzevera
sets and props modeling
Simon Popot
character effect artist
Maxime Poron
digital compositor
Sylvain Potel
lead lighting artist
Auriane Predour
lighting artist
Olivier Prigent
lead lighting artist
Clement Rambach
senior research & development engineer
Guillem Ramisa de Soto
digital compositor
Martin Reneleau
lead lighting artist
Romain Revert
character effects set up
Milo Riccarand
effects supervisor
Bruno Roberto
lighting artist
David Rodrigues
cfx lead
Marion Roger
lead compositing artist
Béranger Roussel
technical director
Michel Samreth
senior lighting artist
Michel Satorra
cfx artist
Bruno Serre
digital matte painter
Jordan Soler
grooming artist
Renaud Staut
character modeling lead
William Steiner
visual effects artist
Mathieu Taillandier
r & d software engineer
Greg Tallec
character effects animator
Arnaud Tisseyre
senior lighting artist
Mathieu Trintzius
character rigging technical director
Julien Trouchet
lead compositor
Valentin Tuil
compositing artist
Christophe Verspieren
senior research & development engineer
Antoine Vigier
Set Modeling
Jocelyn Vincent
rendering supervisor
Milan Voukassovitch
character effects supervisor
Theo Weber
lighting artist
Steve Yamamoto
previsualization supervisor
Laetitia Young
lead compositing artist
Raphael Zito
lighting artist

Animation Department

Michael Alcouloumre
animator
Hichem Arfaoui
supervising animator
Guillaume Arrighi
layout artist
Jérôme Arthuis
assistant computer graphics supervisor
Charlie Aufroy
animator
Pierre Avon
supervising animator
Marie Ayme
surfacing artist
Julien Badoil
colorist
Damien Bapst
lead layout
Albert Barba Cunill
animator
Loic Baton
animator
Nicolas Bauduin
character designer
Antoine Bean
crowds animator
Julien Belloteau
animator
Phillip Berg
layout artist
Timo Berg
animator
Jean-Patrick Bernard
animator
Arnaud Berthier
animator
Timothée Billiet
animator
Abel Blouzon
crowd animator
François-Xavier Bologna
Character Animator
Yoann Bomal
animator
Guillaume Boudeville
rigging supervisor
Geoffrey Bourrissoux
character rigger
Cécile Brossette
supervising animator
Kevin Buchillot
animator
Marek Buchwald
animator
Sébastien Buisson
surfacing artist
Agathe Bulik
animator
Julie Burge-Catinot
Grooming Artist
Lukasz Burnet
animator (as Luke Burnet) / animator
Hendel Butoy
animator
Renaud Buvat
animator
Gustavo Calle
animator
Martin Campos Amoros
animator
Fabio Carmona
animator
David Carrière
animator
Carlos Carvajal
senior animator
Guillaume Copin
animator
Anne Coulet
character surfacing
Marjolaine Dasnoy
technical layout artist
Hugues Daumail
layout artist
Florent de La Taille
lead animator
Christophe Delisle
lead character animator
André Delphin
hair & fur artist
Julien Depoortere
supervisor pipeline
Bruno Dequier
animation director
Barbara Dossi
animator
Thomas Dufour
rigger
Pierre-François Duhamel
Lead Animator
Andy Dupont
layout artist
Damien Duprat
animator
Jean Duval
animator
Tristan Even
uncredited
Nicolas Faucheux
animator
Benjamin Faure
animator
Eric Favela
additional story artist
Simone Fiorito
animator
Audrey Fobis
animator
Quentin Foulon
animator
Andrea Giro
animator
Carter Goodrich
character designer
Alberto Gracia
animator
Adeline Grange
animator
Laurence Guidou
animator
Sebastien Guidou
animator
Eric Guillon
character designer
Daphné Hong
animation fix lead
Eike Hoppmann
animator
Christele Jolens
animation technical supervisor
Maxime Labate
layout cinematography artist
Antony Lacordaire
animator
Vanessa Lamblet
sets and props surfacing
Pierre Leduc
character animator
Florent Leibovici
animator
Vincent Lemaire
animator
Christophe Lourdelet
additional story artist
Rudi Loïal
animator
Olivier Luffin
character hair and fur supervisor
Pierre-Baptiste Marty
animator
Réda Mehleb
fixing animator
Alexandre Melquiond
animator
Léo-Paul Mennessier
animator
Clarisse Merle
animator
Frédéric Merle
animator
Laurence Montaillard
animator
Olivier Montero
animator
Giacomo Mora
animator
Nicolas Ménard
animator
Eddy Okba
animator
Kent Osborne
animator
Gwénolé Oulc'hen
animator
Sergio Pablos
character designer
Guy Paris
Technical Layout Supervisor
Craig Peck
animator
Guillaume Petit
animator
Quentin Piq
animator
Cesc Pujol
animator
Florence Putzola
set dressing supervisor
Chris Renaud
additional character designer
Mary-Jean Repchuk
animator
Clement Richard
layout artist
Amandine Riviere
animator
Matteo Rovatti
animator
Ludovic Roz
animator
Alexia Rubod
hair and fur artist
Diego S. Mezquiriz
animator
Corentin Sacré
animator
Loic Salmon
character hair supervisor (as Loïc Salmon)
Ludovic Savonnière
lead animator / supervising animator
Régis Schuller
layout supervisor
Fabrice Senia
senior animator
Mourad Simoussa
animator
Julien Soret
animation director
Jennifer Sumbu Longe
technical layout artist
Heidi Sundberg
hair and fur artist
Remy Terreaux
senior animator
Nicolas Terriere
sets and props modeler
Philippe Tilikete
general designer
Wesley Tippetts
story artist
Jack Vandenbroele
lead animator
Antoine Vandevoorde
character rigger
Lucas Veber
animator
Tomás Vega
animator (as Tomás Vega Ranz)
Lorenzo Veracini
layout artist
Adrian Villarino
animator
Anja Wacker
character modeler
Gaspar Xavier
animator / character designer
Dante Yang
animator
Daniele Zannone
animator
Ramy Zaouai
assistant render supervisor: Illumination Mac Guff
Sophie Zourane
animator
Ian Abando
story artist (uncredited)
Guy Bar'ely
storyboard artist (uncredited)
Peter DeSève
character designer (uncredited)
Stéphane Dufournier
character modeler (uncredited)
Elisabeth Patte
custom content director (uncredited)

Casting Department

Mickie McGowan
adr voice casting

Editorial Department

Zurine Ainz
associate editor
Rachel Brennan
associate editor
Gilad Carmel
associate editor
Romana Cicova
first assistant editor
Orion Fernando
second assistant editor
Jason Hanel
digital intermediate colorist
Scott Jacobs
first assistant editor
Amy Pawlowski
digital intermediate editor
Lisa Shaw Phillips
first assistant editor
Jose Williams
digital intermediate asst. producer

Music Department

Alex Acuna
featured musician: Latin percussion (as Alex Acuña)
Eun-Mee Ahn
musician: violin
Helen Z. Altenbach
musician
Christopher Anderson-Bazzoli
music preparation
Slamm Andrews
music editor
David Arch
musician: piano
Sean Barrett
assistant orchestrator
Jonathan Beard
orchestrator
Mark Berrow
violin
Charlie Bisharat
featured musician / musician: violin
James Boyd
musician: viola
John Jennings Boyd
additional arrangements and programming
Eric Bradley
musician: singer
Jacob Braun
musician: cello
Rob Brophy
musician: viola
R. Matthew Brown
singer: ensemble (as Matthew Brown)
Reid Bruton
score vocalist
Nicholas Bucknall
musician: clarinet
Andrew Bulbrook
musician: violin
Paul Cartwright
musician: violin
David Channing
scoring editor
Jordan Cox
additional orchestrations
Meredith Crawford
musician: viola
Randy Crenshaw
singer
Nicolette Di Dia
music department
Jennifer Dirkes
assistant orchestrator
George Doering
musician
Bernie Dresel
featured musician
Steve Dress
musician
Andrew Duckles
musician: viola
Samantha Duckworth
musician: bassoon
Bruce Dukov
featured musician / musician: violin
Alma L. Fernandez
musician: viola
Allen Fogle
musician: french horn
Madeline Frick
music department
Dylan Gentile
singer
Nick Glennie-Smith
conductor
William Kenneth Goldman
score vocalist
Abdiel Gonzalez
singer
Mark Graham
head of music preparation
Megan Graney
score coordinator
Wynton Grant
musician: violin
Jessica Guideri
musician: violin
Tom Hardisty
score recordist
Dylan S. Hart
musician: french horn
Ayana Haviv
singer: ensemble
Greg Hayes
music scoring mixer / score recorded by
Michele Hemmings
score vocalist
Paul S. Henning
musician: violin
Callista Hoffman-Campbell
score vocalist
Luanne Homzy
musician: violin
Greg Huckins
featured musician
Garfield Jackson
musician: viola
Gregory Jamrok
music preparation
Emily Joseph
additional arrangements and programming
Christian Kollgaard
musician: bass
Armen Ksajikian
musician: cello
Steve Kujala
musician: flute
Kevin Kumar
musician: violin
Mike Larson
recording engineer
Briana Lee
singer: ensemble
Songa Lee
musician: violin
Natalie Leggett
musician: violin
Scott Lehmkuhl
singer
Phillip Levy
musician: violin
Michael Lichtenauer
score vocalist
Lisa Liu
musician: violin
Greg Loskorn
scoring engineer
David Loucks
singer
Sarah Lynch
singer: ensemble
Maya Magub
musician: violin
Sara Mann
singer: Ensemble
Shawn Mann
musician: viola
Darrin McCann
musician: viola
Martin McClellan
music preparation
Aaron Meyer
music preparation
Lucia Micarelli
musician: violin
Grace Oh
musician: violin
Ashley Olauson
assistant music contractor
Joel Pargman
musician: violin
Alyssa Park
musician: violin
Sara Parkins
musician: violin
Alfredo Pasquel
score mix assistant
Heitor Pereira
musician
Matias Piegari
musician
Katia Popov
musician: violin
Ben Powell
musician: violin
Jasper Randall
choir contractor / score vocalist / vocal contractor
Mark Robertson
musician: violin
Ryan Robinson
scoring technical support engineer
Jessica Rotter
singer
Peter Rotter
orchestra contractor
Erik Rynearson
musician: viola
Bart Samolis
musician
Holly Sedillos
vocals
Mike Shapiro
featured musician
Fletcher Sheridan
score vocalist
Mark Edward Smith
score vocalist
Noah Scot Snyder
music scoring mixer
Niké St. Clair
score vocalist
Tereza Stanislav
musician: violin
Todd Strange
score vocalist
Kimberly Switzer
score vocalist
Jamie Thierman
assistant orchestrator
Jeff Tinsley
additional orchestrations
Kristen Toedtman
score vocalist
Edward Trybek
orchestrator
Alexander Verbitskiy
score technical engineer
Suzanne Waters
singer: soloist
Mike Watts
featured musician (as Michael Watts) / musician: accordion
Rich Wheeler
scoring stage crew
Karen Whipple
Score Vocalist
Booker White
music preparation
Mike Whitson
musician: viola
Henri Wilkinson
orchestrator
Jonathan Williams
musician: cello
Elyse Willis
singer: ensemble
Kenny Wood
additional arrangements and programming
Ryan D. Wood
singer
Rachel Bolt
musician: viola (uncredited)
Nicholas J. Cazares
music preparation (uncredited)
Joe Cho
technical score assistant (uncredited)
Orion Crawford
song transcriber (uncredited)
Alan Kaplan
musician: trombone (uncredited)
Tiffany Roman Louk
additional technical assistant (uncredited)
Steve Mair
musician: double bass (uncredited)
Soya Soo
technical assistant (uncredited)
Brian Tyler
composer: "Universal Theme" (uncredited)
Bruce White
musician: viola (uncredited)
Gerald White
singer (uncredited)

Script and Continuity Department

Kelly Lake
script supervisor

Additional Crew

Loni J. Albertson
Custom Animation Production Supervisor
Arisa
voice dubbing: Lucy Wilde
Olivier Auba
accounting department
Lawrence Bendelac
production accountant
Sylvain Blanchard
information technology
Jacques Bled
senior executive: Illumination Mac Guff
Janet Change
assistant: Chris Meledandri
Amélie Chicoye
assistant: IMG head of production
Ali Claire
vp credits: Universal Pictures (as Alison Claire-Genis)
Amy Colman
business affairs/legal
Alice Da Costa
assistant: Janet Healy
François de Chateleux
production coordinator
Ryan De'Caneva
sr. systems engineer
Max Giusti
italian voice dubbing: Gru/Dru
Frederic Greene
additional production accountant (as Frédéric Greene)
David Guedj
information technology lead
Madison Healy
production assistant
Ben Jaffe
production assistant
Katherine Kelloway
assistant: Chris Meledandri
Jon Kovel
clearances coordinator
Nicolas Lo Cascio
pipeline technical director
Anthony Machting
information technology
Bruno Mahé
head of technology
Humberto Meza Jr.
assistant production accountant
Shawn C. Phillips
additional voices
Lenny Pomedio
information technology
Kelly Rose
assistant: Chris Meledandri
Paolo Ruffini
italian voice dubbing: Balthazar Bratt
Julien Sabourdin
finance director
Celeste White Steele
on-call promo Minion mascot
Joe Stevano
information technology
Demetrios Tzamaras
production coordinator
Gary L. Wohlleben
financial controller
Darin Grimes
marketing (uncredited)
Clémentine Machon
production coordinator (uncredited)
Michael Martinez
4D Effects Editor (uncredited)
Sergio Pablos
characters (uncredited)
Daniel Yi
4D Motion Editor (uncredited)

Thanks

Audrey Azouley
thanks
Patrick Bloche
thanks
Frédérique Bredin
thanks
Constance Buccafurri
very special thanks
Thierry de Segonzac
thanks
Chihiro Kameyama
special thanks
Stéphane Lebars
thanks
Françoise Pams
thanks
Matt Stone
special thanks
All Filters