Túpac Amaru II was a Peruvian Indian revolutionary and the great-grandson of the last Inca emperor, Túpac Amaru. In his early years, he had witnessed the humiliation and ruthless exploitation of his people. He also saw his community being restrained to a life of hard labour and abject poverty. He thus led the Peruvian peasants into a rebellion against the Spanish occupation, albeit unsuccessfully, and met the same end as his great-grandfather. He was known as a “cacique,” or a “hereditary chief,” in the Tinta region of southern Peru. Even though he had received formal Jesuit education, he identified with the Indian population. He took the provincial administrator (or the “corregidore”) Antonio Arriaga into custody on charges of cruelty and executed him. This incident led to the last general Indian revolt against Spain. The revolt received some support from the Creoles (American-born Spaniards) initially, but the support disappeared after the revolt became a violent battle between the Indians and the Europeans. The rebellion spread throughout southern Peru, eventually going all the way to Bolivia and Argentina. Túpac Amaru II was captured and was forced to watch the merciless execution of his wife and family. After his own death, he became a mythical symbol of the Peruvian fight for independence and the indigenous rights movements.