Arnold Joseph Toynbee, honored with ''The Order of the Companions of Honour'' and the ‘‘Fellowship of the British Academy,'' was a British historian, history philosopher, and author. He is best known for his magnum opus 'A Study of History,' which provides a comprehensive analysis of the factors influencing the phases between the establishment and the death of civilizations. Throughout his illustrious career, Toynbee had written scores of books and articles that displayed his shift of beliefs, from a pro-Zionist who opposed the 'Great Arab Revolt' against the Turks, to supporting Arab causes. He initially supported the demand for a Jewish state in Palestine but eventually aborted the thought, in opposition to a possible nuclear war. Toynbee was a prominent international affairs specialist. Unfortunately, toward the 1960s, his theories mentioned in 'A Study of History,' which mainstream historians had highly regarded once, began to fade.
