Francis II was the last emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, ruling from 1792 until 1806. He also ruled as Francis I, the Emperor of Austria, and as Francis I, the King of Bohemia and Hungary. Born to Leopold II of Tuscany, he became the heir to Joseph II, the Holy Roman Emperor, who was his uncle. Francis was groomed and educated for his future role by his uncle. He became the emperor at the age of 24 after his uncle and his father both died within a span of two years. The Napoleonic Wars dominated the first twenty years of Francis II’s reign. He was repeatedly defeated by Napoleon and had to cede territories, dissolve the Holy Roman Empire, and give his daughter in marriage to Napoleon. However, in the end, it was he, as the emperor of Austria, who played a critical role in Napoleon’s defeat. He was also able to recover most of the territories that he had lost. After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, Francis ruled as the emperor of Austria and thus he is known as history’s only “Doppelkaiser” (double emperor). Marie-Antoinette, the Queen of France, was his aunt. Due to this reason, the French Revolution affected Francis II greatly. He had a wide network of spies and heavy censorship in place. His rule was marked by conservatism and suppression of democratic ideas. After his death, he was succeeded by his eldest son, Ferdinand I.