Description: (Sultan of the Ottoman Empire)
Abdul Hamid II, the 34th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, ruled from 1876 to 1909. His reign was characterized by a period of decline marked by rebellions, wars, and territorial losses. Initially, he introduced progressive reforms, including the Empire's first constitution, but later shifted towards absolute monarchy. Despite efforts at modernization, his rule faced criticism for repressive policies, leading to opposition from constitutionalists, ethnic minorities, and nationalist movements. Ultimately, he was ousted by pro-constitutionalist forces in the Young Turk Revolution of 1908.