Ashoka, also known as Ashoka the Great, was the third ruler of the Mauryan Empire and is regarded as one of the greatest emperors in Indian history. He ruled over nearly the entire Indian subcontinent, with his empire stretching from present-day Afghanistan and Pakistan in the northwest to Bengal in the east, and as far south as northern Tamil Nadu and Kerala. He is widely credited for his significant role in spreading Buddhism to various parts of Asia. Initially, Ashoka was a formidable and ambitious ruler with a relentless drive to expand his empire. His conquest of Kalinga (modern-day Odisha) in 261 BCE, is remembered as one of the bloodiest wars in ancient history, resulting in massive loss of life and devastation. Deeply affected by the suffering caused by the war, Ashoka underwent a profound transformation, renouncing violence and embracing Buddhism. This marked the beginning of his reign as a peaceful and compassionate ruler devoted to the welfare of his people. Ashoka is renowned for constructing numerous stupas and pillars across his empire to promote Buddhism and convey moral teachings. The most significant of these is the Lion Capital of Ashoka, which is now the national emblem of India. The Ashoka Chakra, a 24-spoke wheel symbolizing dharma (righteousness), is prominently featured on the Lion Capital and is at the center of India's national flag. The reign of Ashoka is considered one of the most glorious periods in Indian history. Although Buddhism eventually declined in India after his death, it continued to flourish and spread across eastern and southeastern Asia, leaving a lasting legacy.