Tamir arose in the wake of the fragmenting Mongol Empire of Genghis Khan. After reestablishing much of the empire his ambitions turned to India and the Middle East. Follwoing his death his empire too fragmented.
Chaffing under European colonialism and pressure to accept secular governmental institutions in the 19th century, Muslim intellectuals struggle with how to rid Islamic lands of European influence and adopt modernism while maintaining Islam's core values.
