Summary Physician, bacteriologist, founder of the Polish school of immunology. He introduced the determination of blood groups and the Rh factor, discovered the causes of serological conflict and developed the principles of blood transfusion. Ludwik Hirszfeld was born in Warsaw and studied medicine in Germany. His discoveries in the field of bacteriology and immunology have contributed and continue to contribute to saving millions of human lives around the world. During World War I, he fought the epidemic of typhus in Serbia, for which he received honorary citizenship from the king of that country. He developed the division of blood into groups (O, A, B, AB), determined the Rh factor and discovered the rules of its inheritance. He explained the causes of serological conflict between mother and fetus, for which he was nominated for the Nobel Prize. During World War II, he treated typhus patients in the Warsaw ghetto.

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